Table of Contents    5
Introduction    9
1. Synthesis Methods for IONPs: Chemical Approaches    13
Top-Down Approach    13
Bottom-Up Methods    14
Chemical Synthesis Techniques    17
2. Synthesis Methods for IONPs: Physical Approaches    33
Ball milling methods    34
Innovation in Ball milling    36
Laser Ablation    37
Innovation in Laser Ablation    39
Sputtering    41
Innovation in Sputtering    42
Arc Discharge    44
Innovation in Arc Discharge    45
Conclusion    46
3. Synthesis Methods for IONPs: Biological Approaches    49
Biological versus Green Synthesis Methods    51
Plant-Mediated Synthesis    51
Microbe-Mediated Synthesis    54
Conclusion    62
4. Structural and Morphological Characterization of IONPs    63
X-ray Diffraction (XRD)    63
Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)    64
Small-angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS)    65
Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)    66
conclusion    67
5. Surface Physical Characterization of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles    69
Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) Surface Area Analysis    69
Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)    71
Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy    72
conclusion    73
6. Methods for Characterizing Chemical Composition and Oxidation States of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles    75
X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)    75
Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS)    76
Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS)    77
Mössbauer Spectroscopy    78
conclusion    79
7. Vibrating Sample Magnetometry (VSM)    81
Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID) Magnetometry    85
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): Investigation of the Magnetic Behavior of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in Biological Conditions and Their Application in Medical Imaging    87
Advanced Analytical Techniques for Evaluating the Reducing Power of Fe-Nanoparticles    88
8. Methods for Toxicity Assessment of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles    95
In Vitro Toxicity Assays    96
MTT Assay:    98
LDH Release Assay:    100
ROS Generation Assay:    100
Comet Assay:    102
In Vivo Toxicity Assays    102
9. Optical and Spectroscopic Techniques for Characterizing Surface Reactions and Optical Properties of Iron Nanoparticles    105
UV-Vis Spectroscopy    105
Raman Spectroscopy:    107
10. Modern Applications of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in Biological and Medical Sciences    115
Diagnostic Applications    116
Therapeutic Applications    119
Theranostic Applications    122
Biocompatibility and Safety Considerations    126
Conclusion    128
In Conclusion of this Book    131
References    133
References    133
References    149